Let 经典案例实践

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目标:实现点击 div 变颜色

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>let</title>
    <style>
        .item {
            width: 80px;
            height: 40px;
            border: 2px solid black;
            margin-left: 10px;
        }
        .container {
            display: flex;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <h2>点击切换颜色</h2>
    <div class="container"> 
        <div class="item"></div>
        <div class="item"></div>
        <div class="item"></div>
    </div>
    <script>
        //获取 div 元素对象
        let items = document.getElementsByClassName('item');

        //遍历并绑定事件
        for (var i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
            items[i].onclick = function() {
                //修改当前元素的背景颜色
                this.style.background = 'red';
            }
        }

        console.log(i);
        console.log(window.i);

    </script>
</body>
</html>

能不能用items[i].style.background = 'red';代替this.style.background = 'red';?答案是不行,运行会报错:Cannot read property 'style' of undefined,因为 for 循环里的变量 i 是用 var 声明的,当循环结束时 i 的值是3,var 声明的变量没有块级作用域的概念,所以 var 声明的变量 i 一直是在全局当中存在的,这一点可以通过观察console.log(i);console.log(window.i);在控制台的输出进行验证。当循环结束后,i 的值就是3了,当点击某个 div 时就会执行回调函数中的代码,也就是定义的 onclick 事件处理程序,这时的 item[i] 要用到 i 的值,但是 i 的值在函数内找不到,就会向外层作用域找,找到 window.i,但此时 window.i 的值为 3,item[3] 访问不到实际 length 为 3 的元素数组中的元素,所以就 undefined 了。实际运行起来就像:

    <script>
        //获取 div 元素对象
        let items = document.getElementsByClassName('item');

        var i = 0;
        items[i].onclick = function() {
            //修改当前元素的背景颜色
            this.style.background = 'red';
            console.log('i in first function:', i);
            console.log('items[i]:', items[i]);
            items[i].style.background = 'red';
        }
        i++;
        console.log('after first ++:', i);
        items[i].onclick = function() {
            //修改当前元素的背景颜色
            this.style.background = 'red';
            console.log('i in secound function:', i);
            console.log('items[i]:', items[i]);
            items[i].style.background = 'red';
        }
        i++;
        console.log('after secound ++:', i);
        items[i].onclick = function() {
            //修改当前元素的背景颜色
            this.style.background = 'red';
            console.log('i in third function:', i);
            console.log('items[i]:', items[i]);
            items[i].style.background = 'red';
        }
        i++;
        console.log('after third ++:', i);
    </script>
after first ++: 1
after secound ++: 2
after third ++: 3
i in first function: 3
items[i]: undefined
Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'style')
    at items.<computed>.onclick
i in secound function: 3
items[i]: undefined
Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'style')
    at items.<computed>.onclick
i in third function: 3
items[i]: undefined
Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'style')
    at items.<computed>.onclick

此时只需要用 let 来声明 for 循环里的 i